(1) Is the Pope in favor of Communion in the hand?
(2) Communion in the hand is not an indifferent practice;
(3) Communion in the hand spread through disobedience to the Pope;
(4) historical testimony against Communion in the hand;
(5) the danger of sacrilege;
(6) consecrated hands;
(7) champions for reverence to the blessed Sacrament,
(8) Communion on the tongue remains the law of the Church throughout the world to this day.
Pope Paul VI:
It
is important to know the history of Communion in the hand to defend
against the propaganda circulating on this topic. In recent history,
Communion in the hand was illegally introduced in Germany, Netherlands,
Belgium, France, and the United States well before Pope Paul VI wrote Memoriale Domini.
The Holy See firmly opposed this disobedient and abusive practice from
the very beginning. On October 12, 1965, the “Consilium” wrote to
Bernard Cardinal Alfrink, Archbishop of Utrecht, Netherlands: “The
Holy Father … does not consider it opportune that the sacred Particle
be distributed in the hand and later consumed in different manners by
the faithful, and therefore, he vehemently exhorts [that] the
Conference offer the opportune resolutions so that the traditional manner of communicating be restored throughout the world.”
How
was Pope Paul VI going to deal with this widespread disobedience of
Communion in the hand? Pope Paul VI wavered between two options: (1)
close the door to all concessions, or (2) allow the concession (indult)
only where its use was firmly established. Pope Paul VI made a gamble
by deferring to the prudence of the local bishops to assist him in
reigning in the widening disobedience. Unfortunately, the bishops did
not help Pope Paul VI, but opened the doors even wider for abuse.
Communion in the hand was introduced without authorization, Paul VI
tenaciously opposed allowing it but decided to grant an indult only
where its use was firmly established and this with the purpose of
“helping the Episcopal Conferences to comply with their pastoral work,
frequently more difficult than ever because of the present situation.”
Pope Paul VI’s concession was the document Memoriale Domini
(May 29, 1969), which recognized that Communion on the tongue was
“more conducive to faith, reverence and humility.” The Holy Father
also warned that Communion in the hand “carries certain dangers with it
which may arise from the new manner of administering holy Communion: the danger of a loss of reverence for the August sacrament of the altar, of profanation, of adulterating the true doctrine."
Pope John Paul II:
John Paul II, some years back had a sign posted on St. Peter's Basilica specifying that all priests who celebrated Mass in St. Peter’s, no matter where they came from, were to give Communion only on the tongue.
When the wife of the President of France Madame Giscard d’Estaing came
before the Holy Father with outstretched hands, he placed the Host in
her mouth (see Homiletic & Pastoral Review, March 1997, p.
24). Likewise, a canon lawyer present at the 1981 papal Mass in
Chicago witnessed the mayor of Chicago approach the Holy Father with
outstretched hands. The Holy Father said, “the Pope doesn’t do that,”
and proceeded to give her holy Communion on the tongue. John Paul II
gave only on the tongue in his private Masses at the Vatican.
Concelebrating priests were told to do the same.
(2) Communion in the hand is not an indifferent practice:
Many
Catholics hold the erroneous view that Communion in the hand is just
another way of receiving, that it doesn’t matter how one receives Holy
Communion. A June 3, 1968 letter from the Secretary of State reads:
“His
Holiness considers, in effect, that the bishops must be reminded of
their responsibility so that they may prevent, with opportune norms,
the inconveniences and moderate the indiscriminate spread of this
practice [Communion in the hand] which is not contrary to the doctrine but, in practice, is very disputable and dangerous.”
Pope Paul VI again repeated in Memoriale Domini that the Holy See’s position on this matter was not a neutral one:
“He
should not forget, on the other hand, that the position of the Holy
See in this matter is not a neutral one, but rather that it vehemently
exhorts him to diligently submit to the law in force [Communion on the
tongue], and once more confirmed (Memoriale Domini, #16).”
Bishop Laise of San Luis, Argentina writes, “… to say that ‘Communion in the hand is not a novelty’, that ‘we will only do it as the Apostles, as the first disciples did, and as the Christians did for almost one thousand years’ with the purpose of ‘dispelling fears’, is not a valid argument. It is not true that we will ‘only’ do it as the Apostles did. As we have just seen [referring to Pius XII’s Mediator Dei encyclical], the return to an ancient manner is not in itself a reason for tranquility. Even less so when that manner was first abandoned and finally forbidden, due to its imperfection. Bishop Laise also reminds his readers that Communion in the hand has been forbidden since the 10th Century: “the strict forbiddance of the 10th Century which was maintained for almost a millennium.”
Bishop Rodolfo Laise has forbidden Communion in the hand in his diocese, and his successor has also forbidden the practice. Bishop Laise emphasizes:
“It
would be to deceive the faithful to make them think that receiving
Communion in the hand would identify them more with the spirit of the
primitive Church.”
(3) Communion in the hand spread through disobedience to the Pope:
His Excellency Juan Rodolfo Laise describes three major reasons why Communion in the hand spread throughout the world:
Episcopal Conferences did not follow the conditions outlined by Pope Paul VI:
“It is true that the practice spread but this was due only to the fact
that the Episcopal Conferences allowed its introduction without the
demanded conditions being in existence and without taking into
consideration the exhortation of Paul VI.”
The bishops did not want to submit to the law in force (Communion on the tongue):
“If the legislation did not change, the obvious conclusion is that the
only reason for the extension of the rite [of Communion in the hand]
is that the bishops did not listen to the vehement exhortation of Paul
VI to diligently submit to the law in force and again confirmed.”
The “fundamental sense of the ecclesiastical” was lacking in many bishops:
“Knowing the history of this clandestinely reintroduced rite, and
spread based on equivocations and confirmed through incessant
disobediences, we cannot doubt that ‘the fundamental sense of the
ecclesiastical’ is what was lacking in those who, throughout
twenty-seven years [as of 1997] have been imposing a practice that the
Pope did not want to authorize because he considered it dangerous for
the good of the Church (MD 12), until they finally achieved the
spreading of it throughout the world.”
Pope Paul VI established several hurdles to slow this disobedient practice from spreading. In Memoriale Domini he stated four restrictions:
(a) the indult could only be requested if Communion in the hand was an already established custom (i.e., disobedient abuse) in the country, and
(b) if “by a secret vote and with a two-thirds majority” the episcopal conference petitions Rome,
(c) then Rome would grant the necessary permission,
(d) once the permission was granted, several conditions
had to exist simultaneously (among these conditions, no loss of sacred
particles and no loss of faith in the Real Presence), or Communion in
the hand was not permitted, even with the indult. These conditions are
outlined in “En réponse à la demande,” which is attached to the Memoriale Domini instruction.
As
the Bishops of the United States prepared for their May 1977 General
Meeting, Cardinal Carberry on March 12, 1977 made an impassioned plea
for prayers and help from the Catholic laity:
“We
are facing again another struggle in our Bishops’ Conference in May.
It has been decided, for the third time now, that we have to talk about
Communion in the hand…. So I would be grateful beyond words for any
way that you could possibly help by prayer. I’m thinking, I know I can
use a great deal of canonical reasons and law and the rest of it, but
you don’t get very far with these. People don’t seem to want to listen
to this kind of reasoning. But some kind of reasoning that would reach
into the hearts of the Bishops, and to place it, I hope, on the basis of
danger of irreverence to the Most Blessed Sacrament which is growing
and growing and growing throughout our country. And if any of you have
any reading matter on this, or any thoughts on how it could be
presented; ways that it could be presented; ways that it could be
presented before us, I would be so grateful to hear and receive any
suggestions. And I pray most earnestly to our Most Blessed Mother that
the beautiful prayer, ‘O Sacrament Most Holy, O Sacrament Divine’ might
be an ejaculation of all of us who want to preserve the reverence and
devotion by the traditional way of receiving Communion, which has the
blessing of our Holy Father, the Pope.” (Cardinal Carberry, St. Louis,
Missouri, March 12, 1977)
Here
is how the American bishops evaded Pope Paul VI’s restrictions: the
late Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, president of the United States NCCB,
initiated two unsuccessful attempts to introduce Communion in the hand
in 1975 and 1976. But it was in May 1977 that Communion in the hand was
illegally and formally introduced into the United States. The NCCB’s
own minutes of the May 3-5, 1977 General Meeting in Chicago, Illinois
gives us many of the details.
a) The Holy See’s requirement to prove an already established, prevailing custom of Communion in the hand in the given country:
The
agenda for the meeting was presented by Archbishop Bernardin, and he
noted that the Administrative Committee had placed the question of
Communion in the hand in the open session of the meeting. Bishop
Mugavero, moved that the agenda be approved. Bishop Blanchette and
five other bishops objected, and proposed in writing the following
amendment to the agenda item concerning Communion in the hand:
“I.
A written vote by the Ordinaries as to whether the contrary usage,
that of placing Holy Communion in the hand, prevails in this country as is required
by the Instruction on the Manner of Administering Holy Communion
[Memoriale Domini] of the Sacred Congregation of Divine Worship, 29
May, 1969, before a vote is taken to see if a national conference of bishops is to seek a dispensation from the common usage;
II.
and that the agenda be adopted with the stipulation that the vote on
Communion in the hand be taken only if the vote mentioned above is
affirmative.”
Bishop
Blanchette also moved that the amendment be adopted by a written
ballot. The Chair indicated that this would be done, since five bishops
had seconded the motion. What Bishop Blanchette wanted to make clear
to the assembled American bishops was that Pope Paul VI specifically
stated that they could not vote on the matter without first
establishing that Communion in the hand was the “prevailing” custom in
the United States (which it was not). As Bishop Blanchette told the National Catholic Register:
“I
said, we are now going to discuss and probably vote on whether we want
to petition the Holy See, and we have not established that a contrary
usage prevails. I said a simple way to do that would be to ask the
ordinaries to indicate whether in their dioceses the contrary usage
prevails. The ordinary should know, he is the shepherd of the diocese.
He has been asked to obey and his priests have been asked to obey, and
his laity have been asked to obey, so if anybody knows whether the
contrary usage prevails, he should. And so I asked that the agenda be
amended so that the first step—finding out whether or not the usage
prevails—could be verified, and if it were verified, then we could go
on with the rest of the agenda. But if the first step is not verified,
how can we logically go on to the second step? That was my motion.” (National Catholic Register, “Bishop Blanchette: A Clear Call for Obedience,” June 12, 1977)
At this point, the game of deception and disobedience began.
An
appeal was then made to declare Bishop Blanchette’s motion out of
order. A show of hands was made, and it was declared that the motion
was out of order. Recalling this incident, Bishop Blanchette stated:
“As
you know it [the motion] was seconded, it was supported in writing by
five bishops, which therefore permitted a written vote, and it was
sustained by the parliamentarian. It was sustained by the president of
the conference, and it was only by an appeal from this that it was
ruled out of order, and it was not done by voice vote because from voice
vote there was an inconclusive answer. It was done by show of hands or
standing up, and the answer came out was that it seems the majority of
the bishops present consider the chair to have erred in ruling the
amendment in order. You heard Cardinal John Krol state that he
thought a parliamentary device was used to get rid of a valid motion
that would’ve enabled us to discern the conditions that actually
prevail in our country.” (National Catholic Register, “Bishop Blanchette: A Clear Call for Obedience,” June 12, 1977)
The NCCB’s own minutes report:
“Cardinal
Krol said that he was distressed that on the previous day a
parliamentary device had been employed to deprive the bishops of a
survey, suggested by Bishop Blanchette, of the Ordinaries on the current extent of the practice of giving Communion in the hand. He feared that the bishops were beginning a policy of legalizing any abuse of law, and said that far from being an abuse of freedom, law is in reality a protection of freedom.”
The minutes also record the opposition of Cardinal Carberry:
“Cardinal
Carberry cited the view of the Holy See expressed in 1969 that the
long-received manner of giving Communion to the faithful not be
changed. He noted that a picture in L’Osservatore Romano
which appeared to show the Holy Father giving Communion in the hand
was explained upon inquiry, as showing the presentation of the Rosary.
He said that there was great danger of irreverence in administering
Communion in the hand, and in this connection mentioned the concerns of
both the Holy Father and of Cardinal Knox. To adopt the Committee’s
propose he felt would only contribute to the desacralization of the
Eucharist. Finally, he deplored the lack of a survey to determine the
wishes of the faithful in this matter. He noted the extraordinary
volume of mail sent to the bishops opposing the introduction of the
optional practice and said that there was no mandate from Catholic
people for the Committee’s proposal.”
(b)
The Holy See’s requirement that the bishops determine “by a secret
vote and with a two-thirds majority” to petition Rome for the indult:
Even
though Pope Paul VI had expressly stated that the indult could not be
requested where the disobedient practice of Communion in the hand did
not prevail, the American bishops nevertheless went around this
requirement and put it to a vote. From the NCCB’s own minutes:
“Later in the meeting Archbishop Bernardin reported that the vote had fallen short of the required two-thirds of all de jure members and that the matter could not be concluded until the absent bishops were polled.”
What
Bernardin really meant by “the matter could not be concluded” was that
they were going to get Communion in the hand one way or another, even
if it had just been voted down. To get around the lack of votes,
bishops who were not present, bishops who were retired and bishops who
were dying were “polled”. According to Fr. Kunz, a canon lawyer, using
a proxy vote of absent bishops would invalidate the petition for the
indult and it would thus have no status. The maneuver employed by
Cardinal Bernardin to get the necessary votes was therefore invalid, as
only the members present at the meeting could vote.
Fr. John Hardon, S.J. declared on November 1, 1997 in Detroit, Michigan:
“To
get enough votes to give Communion on the hand, bishops who were
retired, bishops who were dying, were solicited to vote to make sure
that the vote would be an affirmative in favor of Communion in the
hand. Whatever you can do to stop Communion in the hand will be blessed
by God.”
Cardinal Bernardin played a pivotal role in manipulating the American bishops into promoting Communion in the hand.
(c) The Holy See grants permission for the indult:
Bishop Blanchette told the National Catholic Register:
“What
bothers me is that in the minds of many it will seem that disobedience
is being rewarded. And that troubles me because if people persist in
being disobedient—and that is used as a reason for changing the
discipline—then we’re very close to chaos or what I would call
selective obedience, which is no obedience at all.” (National Catholic Register, “Bishop Blanchette: A Clear Call for Obedience,” June 12, 1977)
As Fr. Alfred Kunz has pointed out, permission given under deceit is no permission at all.
(d) Conditions in the indult:
If
the American hierarchy had legitimately fulfilled the Holy See’s
requirements up to this point, there would still be several conditions
that would have to be met in each instance of Communion in the hand, or
no permission could be given. Included in these conditions are that no
irreverence, sacrilege, or loss of faith occur as a result of
Communion in the hand. Five conditions follow:
1. The new manner of giving Communion must not be imposed in a way that would exclude the traditional practice.
It is a matter of particular seriousness that in places where the new
practice is lawfully permitted, every one of the faithful have the
option to receive Communion on the tongue, even when others receive
Communion in the hand. The two ways of receiving Communion can without
question take place during the same liturgical service. There is a
twofold purpose here: that none will find in the new rite anything
disturbing to personal devotion toward the Eucharist; that this
sacrament, the source and cause of unity by its very nature, will not
become an occasion of discord between members of the faithful.
2.
The rite of Communion in the hand must not be put into practice
indiscriminately. Since the question involves human attitudes, this
manner of Communion is bound up with the perceptiveness and preparation
of the one receiving. It is advisable, therefore, that the rite be
introduced gradually and in the beginning, within small, better-prepared
groups and in favorable settings. Above all it is necessary to have
the introduction of the rite preceded by an effective catechesis, so
that the people will clearly understand the meaning of receiving in the
hand and will practice it with the reverence owed to the Sacrament.
This catechesis must succeed in excluding any suggestion that in the
mind of the Church there is a lessening of faith in the Eucharistic
presence and in excluding as well any danger or hint of danger of
profaning the Eucharist.
3.
The option offered to the faithful of receiving the Eucharist in their
hand and putting it in their own mouth must not turn out to be the
occasion for regarding It as ordinary bread or as just another religious
article. Instead this option must increase in them a consciousness of
the dignity of the members of Christ's Mystical Body, into which they
are incorporated by Baptism and by the grace of the Eucharist. It must
also increase their faith in the sublime reality of the Lord's Body and
Blood, which they touch with their hand. Their attitude of reverence
must measure up to what they are doing.
4. [Condition #4 was eliminated on the occasion of the publication of De sacra Communione et du cultu Mysterii Eucharistichi (n. 21), July 21, 1973].
5. Whatever procedure is adopted, care must be taken not to allow particles of the Eucharist to fall or be scattered.
Care must also be taken that the communicants have clean hands and
that their comportment is becoming and in keeping with the practices of
the different peoples.
6.
In the case of Communion under both kinds by way of intinction, it is
never permitted to place on the hand of the communicant the Host that
has been dipped in the Lord’s Blood.
It is naïve to think that these conditions are being followed.
Fr. Alfred Kunz maintained that by pastoral experience (his
pastoral experience) he was morally certain that there would be loss
of particles by placing Communion in the hands at any given Mass. This
loss of particles is an act of irreverence by the priest and he is bound
not to do anything that would violate his conscience. This irreverence
to God by losing particles is against the Divine Positive Law and
therefore, regardless of its canonical status, cannot be done. And
this is due to that fact that to drop a consecrated fragment of the
Host to the ground is the same as dropping the consecrated Host to the
ground. Even if done through negligence it is still a sin of sacrilege.
The danger of irreverence is to be avoided by Divine Law. Not even the
Pope can change this law. It is the personal responsibility of the
minister of the Sacrament to see to it that all danger of irreverence
towards the Blessed Sacrament
be avoided. And for this reason there are priests who have decided in
conscience that they cannot give Communion in the hand, because they
are convinced that the danger of irreverence, sacrilege and loss of
true faith is too great.
As Bishop Laise warns, “With
Communion in the hand, a miracle would be required during each
distribution of Communion to avoid some Particles from falling to the
ground or remaining in the hand of the faithful.”
The first condition above is: “The new manner of giving Communion must not be imposed in a way that would exclude the traditional practice.” A
catechist conducted a survey of 19 Catholic teenagers from different
parts of the United States in 1999 to find out if Communion in the hand
was being imposed. The students were asked if they were told, when
they were first Communicants, to receive only in the hand. The majority
replied yes. These students told their personal experiences of C.C.D.
teachers mocking the traditional manner of receiving on the tongue.
Condition # 3 is “The
option offered to the faithful of receiving the Eucharist in their
hand and putting it in their own mouth must not turn out to be the
occasion for regarding It as ordinary bread or as just another
religious article.” One youngster in this survey said he didn’t
believe Jesus was truly present in the Eucharist, until he began
receiving Communion on the tongue. He said he was confused and doubted
while receiving in the hand because, he said, how can the Host really
be God if he was allowed to touch it? Another student shared the
experience of a priest calling his mother (who didn’t want her son
receiving in the hand) a “crumbologist” because of her concern over
lost particles.
How
many bishops and priests today will admit to the numerous acts of
irreverence, sacrilege, and loss of faith occasioned by Communion in
the hand? How many bishops have had the faith and courage to ban
Communion in the hand to safeguard the Blessed Sacrament, and to
safeguard the faith of the people?
A
Gallop poll several years ago among Catholics showed that only 30%
held the true Catholic teaching concerning the Eucharist. The other 70%
represented various shades of Protestant belief, or no belief at all.
Communion in the hand has certainly been an occasion of this loss of
faith. Fr. John Hardon has affirmed: “Behind Communion in the hand—I
wish to repeat and make as plain as I can—is a weakening, a conscious,
deliberate weakening of faith in the Real Presence.”
(4) Historical testimony against Communion in the hand:
Reviewing
available evidence from Church history and the writings of the Church
Fathers does not support the claim that Communion in the hand was a
universal practice that was gradually supplanted and eventually
replaced by the practice of Communion on the tongue. Rather, the facts
seem to point to a different conclusion.
Pope St. Leo the Great (440-461),
already in the fifth century, is an early witness of the traditional
practice. In his comments on the sixth chapter of the Gospel of John,
he speaks of Communion in the mouth as the current usage: "One receives
in the mouth what one believes by faith." (Serm. 91.3) Furthermore, in the ninth century the Roman Ordo
clearly shows that Communion on the tongue was the manner of
reception. The oft-quoted reference of St. Cyril of Jerusalem is quite
suspect, because what follows his famous quote is odd, superstitious,
and even irreverent to Catholic thought. This has led scholars to
question the authenticity of the text, that perhaps the saint's
successor was really responsible for this odd statement, the Patriarch
John, who succeeded St. Cyril. But this John was of suspect orthodoxy,
which we know from the correspondence of St. Epiphanius, St. Jerome,
and St. Augustine. So if the quote is genuine, it most likely is
attributed to the Nestorian Patriarch John, which would explain the
oddity of the text. The fact that St. Cyril is quoted to the exclusion
of Pope St. Leo the Great, Pope St. Sixtus I, the Council of Trent, and
centuries of Church tradition, is a prime example of the historical
revisionism and dumbing-down of the modernists. Just a sampling of reliable historical evidence is enough to demonstrate the consistent position of the Church regarding Communion in the hand:
Pope St. Sixtus I ( 115-125): "it is prohibited for the faithful to even touch the sacred vessels, or receive in the hand";
Origen
(185-232 A.D.): "You who are wont to assist at the divine Mysteries,
know how, when you receive the body of the Lord, you take reverent
care, lest any particle of it should fall to the ground and a portion
of the consecrated gift (consecrati muneris) escape you. You consider it a crime, and rightly so, if any particle thereof fell down through negligence." (13th Homily on Exodus);
St. Basil the Great
(330-379), one of the four great Eastern Fathers, considered Communion
in the hand so irregular that he did not hesitate to consider it a
grave fault (Letter 93);
The Council held at Saragozza (380), it was decided to punish with excommunication anyone who dared to continue the practice of Communion in the hand;
The local council at Rouen, France (650) stated, “Do not put the Eucharist in the hands of any layman or laywomen but only in their mouths”;
The Council of Constantinople (692) which was known as in trullo (not one of the ecumenical councils held there) prohibited the faithful from giving Communion to themselves. It decreed an excommunication of one week’s duration for those who would do so in the presence of a bishop, priest or deacon;
Council of Trent:
"To omit nothing doctrinal on so important a subject, we now come to
speak of the minister of the Sacrament, a point, however, on which
scarcely anyone is ignorant. The pastor then will teach, that to
priests alone has been given power to consecrate and administer the
Holy Eucharist. That the unvarying practice of the Church has
also been, that the faithful receive the Sacrament from the hand of the
priest, and that the priest communicate himself, has been explained by
the Council of Trent; and the same holy Council has shown that this
practice is always to be scrupulously adhered to, stamped, as it is,
with the authoritative impress of Apostolic tradition, and sanctioned by
the illustrious example of our Lord himself, who, with His own hands,
consecrated and gave to His disciples, His most sacred body. To
consult as much as possible, for the dignity of this so August a
Sacrament, not only is its administration confided exclusively to the
priestly order; but the Church has also, by an express law, prohibited
any but those who are consecrated to religion, unless in case of
necessity, to touch the sacred vessels, the linen or other immediate
necessaries for consecration. Priest and people may hence learn, what
piety and holiness they should possess who consecrate, administer, or
receive the Holy of Holies." (Council of Trent, Session 13, Chapter 8)
(5) the danger of sacrilege
Pope Paul VI in Mysterium Fidei
quotes Origen with approval who says that if anyone dropped a Sacred
Particle of the Host on the ground (through negligence) then that person
would be guilty of sin: “In fact the faithful thought themselves
guilty, and rightly so, as Origen recalls, if after they received the
Body of the Lord in order to preserve it with all care and reverence, a
small fragment of it fell off through negligence.” (Mysterium Fidei,
Pope Paul VI, taken from "In Exod. Fragm." P.G. 12, 391.) At any given
Mass there will be at least a few, if not many, who will drop the
sacred Particles to the ground, thereby committing sacrilege and
irreverence, though it may be only through negligence and
thoughtlessness. The priest, however, is responsible to make sure that
no irreverence is committed and is bound to take all necessary
precautions to safeguard the honor and respect due Our Lord in the
blessed Sacrament.
As we quoted before from Bishop Laise: “With
Communion in the hand, a miracle would be required during each
distribution of Communion to avoid some Particles from falling to the
ground or remaining in the hand of the faithful.”
His Excellency also writes:
“Let
us speak clearly: whoever receives Communion in the mouth not only
follows exactly the tradition handed down but also the wish expressed
by the last Popes and thus avoids placing himself in the occasion of committing a sin by negligently dropping a fragment of the Body of Christ.”
Bishop Laise ends his marvelous book, "Communion in the hand: Documents and History", with this quote from the Catechism of the Council of Trent:
“As
of all the sacred mysteries bequeathed to us by our Lord and Saviour as
most infallible instruments of divine grace, there is none comparable
to the most holy Sacrament of the Eucharist; so, for no crime is there a
heavier punishment to be feared from God than for the unholy or
irreligious use by the faithful of that which is full of holiness, or
rather which contains the very author and source of holiness.” (Roman Catechism of the Council of Trent, Part II, cap. 4)
(6) Consecrated hands
In the Bible it is recorded that only the Levite priests were allowed to carry the Ark of the Covenant: “No
one may carry the ark of God except the Levites, for the Lord chose
them to carry the ark of the Lord and to minister to him forever” (1 Chronicles 15:2; 1 Paralipomenon 15:2 in Douay-Rheims Bible). But when a non-Levite touched the Ark of the Covenant, he was struck dead:
“And when they came to the floor of Chidon, Oza put forth his hand, to
hold up the ark: for the ox being wanton had made it lean a little on
one side. And the Lord was angry with Oza, and struck him, because he
had touched the ark; and he died there before the Lord” (1 Chronicles
13:9-10; 1 Paralipomenon 13:9-10 in Douay-Rheims Bible).
Everything
in the Bible has been put there by God for our instruction. Why was
God angry at Oza? Why was he struck dead? What is the lesson that God
wanted to impart to us by this incident?
The
teaching of consecrated hands can be found in various writings of the
saints, which convey an admirably reverential attitude towards the
sacraments, especially the holy Eucharist. From the writings of St.
Bonaventure (The Breviloquium, chapter 11, #5), he writes
concerning the reverence for the holy oils: "...a sacrament whose matter
is holy—that is, consecrated oil—in order to avoid any risk, its
dispensation is entrusted to priests in general. And because of the
consecration of the oil, it should be touched by none except consecrated hands."
(Note the great reverence for the sacraments in general expressed by
St. Bonaventure. The same reverence was naturally present during this
time for the blessed Sacrament, the greatest of sacraments).
St.
Thomas Aquinas, one of the greatest minds the Church has ever known,
writes the following regarding the Blessed Sacrament: "Secondly,
because the priest is the appointed intermediary between God and the
people, hence as it belongs to him to offer the people's gifts to God,
so it belongs to him to deliver the consecrated gifts to the people.
Thirdly, because out of reverence towards this sacrament [the Blessed Sacrament], nothing
touches it but what is consecrated, hence the corporal and the chalice
are consecrated, and likewise the priest's hands, for touching this
sacrament. Hence it is not lawful for anyone to touch it, except
from necessity, for instance if it were to fall upon the ground, or else
in some other case of urgency" (SummaTheologica, III, Q. 82, Art. 13).
As
Michael Davies observes, “Unless we are to believe that the Holy Ghost
abandoned the Church for 1,000 years [the 1,000 year period from the
time of the 10th Century, when Communion in the hand was
forbidden], we must accept the fact that, under His guidance, a
tradition evolved that only the consecrated hands of a priest
could touch the Host; we have the witness of St. Thomas Aquinas that, by
the 13th century, it was firmly established that not even a deacon
could do so under normal circumstances.” (Privilege of the Ordained, p. 16)
Even
the Protestants are witnesses to the Catholic understanding of the
consecrated hands of a priest. Michael Davies reports that in his 1549
Communion Service, Thomas Cranmer allowed the Blessed Sacrament to be
placed on the tongue of the communicant by the minister. This was
criticized by the more radical Martin Bucer, who demanded that
Communion should be given in the hand. Cranmer complied and changed the
rubric for his 1552 Prayer Book, to bring it into line with Protestant
practice. Among the reasons for the change, Bucer wrote:
"Every
superstition of the Roman Antichrist is to be detested... I have no
doubt that this usage of not putting these sacraments in the hands of
the faithful has been introduced out of a double superstition; firstly,
the false honor they wished to show this sacrament, and secondly the
wicked arrogance of priests claiming greater holiness than that of the
people of Christ, by virtue of the oil of consecration. I should
wish that pastors and teachers of the people should be commanded that
each is faithfully to teach the people that it is superstitious and
wicked to think...that the hands of the ministers are holier than the
hands of the laity; so that it would be wicked, or less fitting, as was
formerly wrongly believed by the ordinary folk, for the laity to
receive these sacraments in the hand: and therefore that the
indications of this wicked belief be removed—as
that the ministers may handle the sacraments, but not allow the laity
to do so, and instead put the sacraments into the mouth—which is not only foreign to what was instituted by the Lord but offensive to human reason. In that way good men will be easily brought to the point of all receiving the sacred symbols in the hand..."
Pope Pius XII, in his encyclical Mediator Dei, writes:
“In
the same way, actually that baptism is the distinctive mark of all
Christians, and serves to differentiate them from those who have not
been cleansed in this purifying stream and consequently are not members
of Christ, the sacrament of holy orders sets the priest apart from the
rest of the faithful who have not received this consecration. For they
alone, in answer to an inward supernatural call, have entered the
august ministry, where they are assigned to service in the sanctuary
and become, as it were, the instruments God uses to communicate
supernatural life from on high to the Mystical Body of Jesus Christ. Add
to this, as We have noted above, the fact that they alone have been
marked with the indelible sign ‘conforming’ them to Christ the Priest,
and that their hands alone have been consecrated ‘in order
that whatever they bless may be blessed, whatever they consecrate may
become sacred and holy, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ’ [Roman
Pontifical, Ordination of a priest: anointing of hands].” (Mediator Dei, #43)
Dietrich von Hildebrand, whom Pope Pius XII called a 20th
Century Doctor of the Church, has written many outstanding books and
articles in defense of the Catholic Faith, and against the many
dangerous trends and heresies infecting the Church today. Concerning
Communion in the hand, he writes:
“Unfortunately,
in many places Communion is distributed in the hand. To what extent is
this supposed to be a renewal and a deepening of the reception of Holy
Communion? Is the trembling reverence with which we receive this
incomprehensible gift perhaps increased by receiving it in our unconsecrated hands,
rather than from the consecrated hands of the priest? It is not
difficult to see that the danger of parts of the consecrated Host
falling to the ground is incomparably increased, and the danger of
desecrating it or indeed of horrible blasphemy is very great.” (The Devastated Vineyard, pp. 67-68)
Pope John Paul II speaks of consecrated hands in Dominicae Cenae:
“We
should also always remember that to this ministerial power we have been
sacramentally consecrated, that we have been chosen from among men
‘for the good of men.’ We especially, the priests of the Latin Church,
whose ordination rite added in the course of the centuries the custom
of anointing the priest's hands, should think about this…. How
eloquent therefore, even if not of ancient custom, is the rite of the
anointing of the hands in our Latin ordination, as though precisely for
these hands a special grace and power of the Holy Spirit is
necessary!” (#49).
It is interesting to note that a deacon’s hands are not anointed, as are the hands of priests, during ordination.
(7) champions for reverence to the blessed Sacrament
The
concern for the sacred Particles of the blessed Sacrament has been
echoed by recent Popes and others within our own lifetimes. Pope Paul
VI in his instruction Memoriale Domini
(May 29, 1969), states: "It [Communion in the hand] carries certain
dangers with it which may arise from the new manner of administering
holy Communion: the danger of a loss of reverence for the August sacrament of the altar, of profanation, of adulterating the true doctrine."
As reported by Fr. George Rutler in his Good Friday sermon at St. Agnes Church, New York in 1989, when Mother Teresa of Calcutta was
asked by Fr. Rutler, "What do you think is the worst problem in the
world today?" She more than anyone could name any number of candidates:
famine, plague, disease, the breakdown of the family, rebellion
against God, the corruption of the media, world debt, nuclear threat and
so on. "Without pausing a second she said, 'Wherever I go in the whole world, the thing that makes me the saddest is watching people receive Communion in the hand.'"
Also, the great Fr. John Hardon has spoken out against this practice. On November 1st,
1997 at the Call to Holiness Conference in Detroit, Michigan, there
was a panel discussion in which Fr. John Hardon was one of the speakers
who fielded various questions from the audience. One of the questions
was about Communion in the hand. After explaining how the practice was
illegally introduced into the United States, he concluded by saying, “Whatever you can do to stop Communion in the hand will be blessed by God.”
Dietrich von Hildebrand (who Pope Pius XII called a “20th century doctor of the Church”), in an article entitled "Communion in the hand should be rejected," wrote the following:
"Is it believable that instead
of applying the most scrupulous care to protect the most sacred
consecrated host, which is truly the Body of Christ, the God-man, from
all such possible abuses, there are those who wish to expose it to this
possibility? Have we forgotten the existence of the devil who wanders
about seeking whom he may devour'? Is his work in the world and in the
Church not all too visible today? What entitles us to assume that
abuses to the consecrated host will not take place?"
Confirming his concerns is Mike Warnke,
a former satanic high priest who converted to Christianity, who warned
the U.S. bishops that allowing Communion in the hand was a mistake, as
it would allow satanists easier access in procuring the sacred host,
which is desecrated at satanic services.
(8) Communion on the tongue remains the law for the Church throughout the world to this day:
Pope Paul VI stated in Memoriale Domini
that “The Apostolic See therefore vehemently urges bishops, priests
and laity to carefully submit to the law [Communion on the tongue]
which is still valid and which has again been confirmed” (#16). Pope
Paul VI was emphasizing that Communion on the tongue was still the law
of the Church. Communion on the tongue is the law of the Church,
even to this day; Communion in the hand is the exception to the law.
But Pope Paul VI was opposed by his own bishops, and by the Episcopal
Conferences, who failed to reign in the abuse of Communion in the hand.
This is the real reason why Communion in the hand spread throughout the
world. In a 1968 speech, Pope Paul VI took to task the disobedience of
the Episcopal Conferences:
“We
refer above all to this mentality according to which many receive with
annoyance all that comes from the ecclesiastical authority, that is,
what is pertaining to law. This being the reason that in liturgical matters even the Episcopal Conferences sometimes proceed on their own accord more than what is justified. It also occurs that arbitrary experiments are made and this introduces rites that openly contradict the norms of the Church.” (Speech to the Consilium ad exequendam Constitutionem de Sacra Liturgia, October 14, 1968. A.A.S., 1968, p. 735).
Unfortunately, Memoriale Domini did not slow the abuse of Communion in the hand, but rather was seized upon by disobedient priests, bishops and laity as a pretext to spread the abuse even more. It is not disloyal to believe this, but is rather to acknowledge a sad truth. As Dietrich von Hildebrand states:
“On
account of my deep love for and devotion to the Church, it is a
special cross for me not to be able to welcome every practical decision
of the Holy See, particularly in a time like ours, which is witnessing
a crumbling of the spirit of obedience and respect for the Holy
Father.” (The Charitable Anathema, p. 32)
Ecclesiastical
law is not infallible; it can be imprudent. Clearly, the 1,000 year
ban on Communion in the hand was the prudent law as it so effectively
minimized the loss of sacred particles and theft of the Host by those
seeking to desecrate it. The current indult, however, is imprudent
because it has not served to protect the blessed Sacrament from
sacrilege or theft. We pray that the traditional practice of receiving
Communion only on the tongue may be restored throughout the world, as
was the hope of Pope Paul VI:
“The
Holy Father … does not consider it opportune that the sacred Particle
be distributed in the hand and later consumed in different manners by
the faithful, and therefore, he vehemently exhorts [that] the
Conference offer the opportune resolutions so that the traditional manner of communicating be restored throughout the world.” (October 12, 1965 letter of the “Consilium” to Bernard Cardinal Alfrink, Archbishop of Utrecht, Netherlands)
To better understand this subject, we highly recommend Bishop Laise’s book, Communion in the hand: Documents and History,
which is perhaps the most authoritative book on this subject in the
world. In this book, he briefly summarizes his reasons for rejecting
Communion in the hand:
“Given
that a manner is in practice that not only is better but is
recommended and praised by the Holy See, and asking me if I want to
introduce another that carries with it serious dangers and which the
Holy See does not recommend but rather only allows with displeasure,
not existing in my diocese any abusive introduction or an expectation
of the faithful in this respect, and having received manifestations of
serious worries on the part of priests, religious and faithful; and
since the decision has remained placed on my prudence with the
compromise of my conscience, keeping in mind that all dispensation
produces a certain social damage that is only justified in order to
avoid a greater damage or to obtain a greater public or private
benefit, remembering that the Church recommends to the priests not only
to abide by the licit but also to look for the most profitable, I have not doubted in submitting myself diligently ‘to the law already in force and once more confirmed.’”
